Base-initiated copolymerization of bisphenols with cyclic and acyclic perfluoroolefins was investigated as an extension of addition–elimination polymerization toward compositionally variable feedstocks that model (per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances) PFAS waste. Perfluoro-4-methylpent-2-ene (PFP), perfluorohept-1-ene (PFH), perfluorocyclohexene (PFCH), and perfluorocyclopentene (PFCP) were paired in selected combinations and reacted in the presence of bisphenol-A (BPA) and bisphenol-AF (BPF), respectively, under basic conditions to generate a series of semi-fluorinated copolymers. These reactions yielded copolymers containing fluorinated segments derived from both cyclic and acyclic olefin comonomers. Structural incorporation and copolymer compositions were evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy, while molecular mass and thermal behavior were examined by gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The resulting copolymers exhibited broad compositional and thermal variability while retaining unsaturated fluorinated sites capable of further reaction, such as capable of further thermal reactivity. These results establish structurally distinct perfluoroolefins as model fluorinated feedstocks for investigating addition–elimination polymerization and provide a foundation for future studies using more compositionally complex fluorinated feedstocks.
Glyoxylic acid, the simplest α-keto acid, contains both aldehyde and carboxyl groups in its molecule and exhibits the reactivity of both. This compound features low toxicity, low cost, ease of storage and handling, and has become a highly valuable C1 and C2 synthon in organic synthesis. In recent years, new reactions based on decarboxylative coupling, condensation, and cyclization strategies of glyoxylic acid have emerged, providing green and efficient routes for the construction of aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amines, heterocycles, and other structural motifs. This review systematically summarizes representative advances in the past five years in the chemical transformations of glyoxylic acid as a C1 synthon (formyl source, carboxylic acid source, methylene source) and as a C2 synthon (participating in Petasis reaction, Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, and cyclization reactions), with emphasis on reaction design, substrate scope, functional group compatibility, and mechanistic features. Future directions are also discussed.
The precise diagnosis and lifelong management of hereditary heart diseases, particularly cardiomyopathies and channelopathies, are increasingly dependent on the rapid analysis of massive genomic data generated by Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). This reliance creates a critical challenge: securely and efficiently integrating large Variant Call Format (VCF) files into existing hospital information systems. This technical hurdle must be overcome to realize the promise of personalized cardiovascular medicine. The ability to sequence the human genome has ushered in a new era of personalized medicine, particularly within the field of precision cardiology. By gaining a thorough understanding of each patient’s genetic profile, physicians can now move beyond generalized care to tailor treatment plans to the individual. In clinical follow-up, genomic profiling has become essential to: (1) Diagnose genetic disorders, specifically Inherited Arrhythmias and Cardiomyopathies. (2) Perform family cascade screening to identify at-risk relatives. (3) Contribute to risk stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) in the genes for which gene-specific risk models have been validated. (4) Guide life-saving interventions, such as determining the precise timing for Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) placement. The ability to quickly and easily access all pertinent patient data is the main benefit of an Electronic Health Record (EHR). In this work, we will show how electronic health record systems (EHRS) can access and use genomic information in clinical care, using compression to enable fast, standardized storage and retrieval of data with tools available in a standard hospital setting, and leveraging the corresponding PACS functionality. By storing genomics data in a central repository accessible to EHR systems, healthcare providers can access the data when they need it. This can help to shorten the time spent diagnosing and treating patients. This approach was experimentally implemented and evaluated using the clinical genomic dataset from the FTGM Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, which routinely performs NGS for patients with hereditary heart disease. The J4CARE VNA PACS, based on the Open Source DICOM archive DCM4CHEE Archive 5.x, was selected as the repository for this experimental platform.
