Offshore floating photovoltaic (OFPV) plants require cable allowance at interfaces between floating blocks to support maintenance access and accommodate relative motion. Because synchronized relative-motion records are often unavailable during early design, this allowance cannot be calibrated directly. This study proposes a fixed-topology multi-objective method for joint inverter siting and low-voltage collector-cable routing. CAD polylines are decomposed into fixed segments, and route-specific inter-block crossings, and a bounded gap-allowance factor is applied only at the crossings. NSGA-II generates nondominated layouts that minimize cable investment and the present value of resistive-loss cost while satisfying equipment-capacity, string-count, current, and voltage-drop constraints. The method is applied to a 5.1212 MWp grid-connected OFPV plant under the nominal routing case (γs = 1). Compared with the manual design, the selected compromise layout reduces collector-cable investment by 7.0% and the present value of power-loss cost by 14.9%, producing a 9.76% reduction in the modeled total collection-system cost. The results demonstrate the economic value of coordinated inverter siting and cable routing while identifying the data required for future dynamic-allowance calibration.
The interruption of natural reproduction in the Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, is an urgent ecological concern, and the thermal mechanisms underlying its stepped deterioration warrant attention. To systematically elucidate these mechanisms, this study quantified thermal dynamics throughout the reproductive cycle using a multi-scale retrospective analysis of water temperature and historical spawning records. A pronounced, stepwise mismatch between Yangtze River water temperatures and the reproductive requirements of the Chinese sturgeon was identified, manifested as significantly intensified thermal stress and temporal delay. Kernel density estimation (KDE) was used to quantify the thermal requirements for overwintering gonadal development and spawning. Period-stratified statistical tests were then applied to evaluate the alignment between ambient thermal regimes and species-specific requirements. Based on the interdecadal evolution of this mismatch, an intersection analysis between seasonal cooling curves and median spawning temperature was introduced to evaluate synchrony between spawning dates and thermal cues. These analyses revealed that spawning dates passively followed the postponement of the thermal cue, whereas the preferred temperature remained fixed. Collectively, this study demonstrates that thermal mismatches have intensified stepwise through both absolute exceedance of overwintering thresholds and mistimed arrival of suitable spawning temperatures, leading to the sequential degradation of reproduction.
Women may assume a growing share of agricultural work without gaining corresponding control over resources or decisions. This study examines gendered working-hour patterns and perceived drivers of agricultural feminization in Cooch Behar district, West Bengal. An exploratory, ex-post facto investigation covered 100 farm women, with 25 respondents from each of four purposively selected villages in Cooch Behar-II and Dinhata-II blocks. Structured interviews provided information on agricultural working hours for 2022–2023, 2023–2024, and 2024–2025, household male migration and occupational categories, daily wage rates, and agreement with nine proposed drivers. Descriptive statistics, mean-score rankings, and exploratory principal component analysis were used. Reported average annual working hours increased for women from 1668.80 to 1736.50 h, a rise of 4.06%, while men’s hours declined from 1503.20 to 1328.10 h, a decrease of 11.65%. Women reported more hours than men in all three years, and the annual gender gap widened from 165.60 to 408.40 h. The number of households classified as experiencing male out-migration rose from 37 to 49. Male migration received the highest perceived-driver score (4.45 out of 5), followed by poverty (4.29) and declining agricultural profitability (4.11). The reported component structure suggested socio-economic, capacity-related, gendered labour and technological dimensions. These patterns are consistent with an increasing concentration of agricultural labour among women, but do not establish causal effects or demonstrate empowerment. The purposive sample and the exploratory measures limit generalization. The findings motivate attention to women’s workload, remuneration, access to agricultural services, and recognition as farmers.
