Metallized biaxially oriented polypropylene (met-BOPP) is a flexible packaging material whose aluminium layer hinders mechanical recycling. This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a met-BOPP composite reinforced with cellulosic fibers, comparing its environmental performance to that of gypsum plasterboard, a conventional material widely used in drywall systems. The functional unit was defined as the production of 1 m2 of board. Primary data were obtained experimentally, and secondary data were sourced from the Ecoinvent 3.6 database, using OpenLCA 2.5 software and the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) impact assessment method. The results revealed substantially lower potential environmental impacts for the composite board compared to the gypsum plasterboard across several categories, with net environmental credits equivalent to 208% of the gypsum impact in Global Warming Potential, 460% in Marine Ecotoxicity, and 207% in Non-carcinogenic Human Toxicity. The environmental gains of the composite alternative result from the recycling of the post-consumer plastic waste used. A sensitivity analysis using a pure cut-off modelling, in which the met-BOPP waste enters the system burden-free and no valorization credits are granted, confirmed the environmental advantage of the composite in terms of GWP, showing a 90.8% reduction in GWP compared with gypsum plasterboard. These findings support met-BOPP composite panels as a promising low-carbon alternative for the construction sector, aligned with circular economy principles.
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a central pathological basis for the persistent progression of chronic kidney disease. Its initiation and progression involve multiple mechanisms, including disordered energy metabolism, lipid accumulation, inflammatory responses, and abnormal extracellular matrix deposition. As a major energy source for renal tubular epithelial cells, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is essential for maintaining tubular metabolic homeostasis. Impaired FAO leads to insufficient ATP production, aggravated lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial homeostasis disruption, thereby further activating oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, and profibrotic signaling, which, in turn, promote tubular injury and the progression of interstitial fibrosis. This review summarizes the basic physiological processes of mitochondrial FAO and its pathological role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms by which FAO impairment drives metabolic reprogramming, lipotoxicity, and abnormalities in mitochondrial quality control. It also outlines recent advances in therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring FAO, improving mitochondrial function, and alleviating lipotoxicity and secondary profibrotic responses. Current evidence suggests that targeting FAO impairment may offer a promising therapeutic approach for delaying the progression of renal fibrosis; however, further efforts are needed to strengthen clinical translation.
Understanding how governance systems respond to ecological complexity requires analytical approaches that capture both biophysical interactions and stakeholders’ interpretations of causal relationships within socio-ecological systems. In the Eastern Mediterranean, the Indo-Pacific pearl oyster, Pinctada radiata, poses a governance challenge because it is simultaneously perceived as a non-indigenous species, an ecosystem engineer, and a livelihood resource. This study develops the Causal Cognitive–Institutional Architecture (CICA) for marine governance. Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM), it formalises stakeholder reasoning and socio-economic interactions. Stakeholder-specific causal maps were constructed for fishers, scientists, and government officials. The resulting models reveal distinct but complementary causal logics: fishers emphasise stewardship, collaboration, and livelihood security; scientists prioritise ecological stability, environmental change sensitivity, and habitat impacts; and government officials primarily emphasise regulatory coherence and enforcement. These stakeholder-specific maps were then integrated into a unified governance model using a weighted linear fusion procedure. The unified FCM identifies collaboration, community education, and environmental change sensitivity as highly influential cross-domain concepts, while institutional trust emerges as a fragile but consequential governance variable. Scenario simulations indicate that interventions targeting collaborative and learning-oriented mechanisms generate broader stabilising responses across the system than enforcement-centred interventions alone. The CICA–FCM framework provides a transparent diagnostic approach for identifying governance bottlenecks, integrating heterogeneous stakeholder reasoning, and supporting adaptive management of P. radiata under ecological uncertainty.
Milling serves as the core manufacturing process for medical, difficult-to-process materials. The three-dimensional topography of machined surface directly determines the service performance, biocompatibility, and service life of medical implants. This work targets unclear formation mechanism, incomplete modeling factors, and insufficient verification methods of three-dimensional topography in milling medical difficult-to-process materials. It systematically reviews the research progress of three-dimensional topography modeling and prediction. The core generation mechanism is analyzed by coupling the tool-workpiece relative motion with the material dynamic response, with a focus on the deformation features of difficult-to-process medical materials. The three-dimensional topography modeling methods of side milling, end milling, and five-axis ball-end milling are elaborated. Model characteristics considering material properties, cutting conditions, and dynamic factors are compared. Validation and evaluation methods are summarized from two-dimensional contour, three-dimensional topography, and texture fractal features. Limitations of existing models in adaptability, multi-factor coupling, and accuracy-efficiency balance are pointed out. Future research directions of hybrid modeling driven by physics and data for medical, difficult-to-process materials are prospected. This review offers a theoretical framework for precision machining and quality control of medical key components.
Despite a rapid rise of AI-powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) deployments in smart city environments, current surveys and frameworks lack a unified, protocol-level reference architecture that integrates multi-domain applications, edge AI perception, cognitive reasoning through Large Language Models (LLMs), and regulatory compliance within a single deployable specification. This study presents a comprehensive cross-domain review of AI-powered drone systems for traffic management, delivery, infrastructure inspection, disaster response, and environmental monitoring. The study introduces COMPASS (Cognitive Operations Model for Programmable Autonomous Smart-city Systems), a novel seven-layer technical reference architecture that describes communication protocols (MAVLink 2.0, ROS2/DDS, MQTT 5.0, and NGSI-LD), edge computing hardware recommendations for five drone payload tiers, and quantified performance requirements for safety-critical operations. The key feature of COMPASS is its LLM-based Semantic Middleware Layer, which allows for context-aware decision-making, natural human-drone interaction, and regulatory compliance verification. Comparing COMPASS to many other frameworks reveals that it is the only architecture to simultaneously provide multi-domain coverage, protocol-level specifications, hardware recommendations, LLM integration, and empirically verified benchmarks.
