Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage marked by rapid biological maturation, intense social scrutiny, rising academic pressures, and ongoing development of brain systems linked to reward processing, executive control, stress regulation, and emotion regulation. Depressive symptoms, anxiety, perceived stress, sleep problems, sedentary behavior, and excessive screen exposure often occur during this time. Research has extensively explored physical activity as a modifiable behavior that could enhance adolescent mental health, but much of the evidence still focuses on its link to improved psychological outcomes. Less attention has been given to the psychophysiological pathways through which physical activity may impact mental health. This narrative review examines how physical activity affects adolescent mental health, focusing on autonomic nervous system regulation, HPA axis function, inflammatory and immune pathways, neuroplasticity, and sleep–circadian rhythm regulation. There is evidence that suggests physical activity may support adolescent mental health by increasing autonomic flexibility, facilitating stress recovery, boosting neurotrophic signaling, improving executive control and sleep quality, and fostering social connections, while reducing sedentary time and inflammatory burden. However, these effects are not uniform. Factors such as gender, pubertal development, initial mental health status, body weight, fitness, activity preferences, family support, school climate, peer connections, digital lifestyle, and activity dose might all impact the psychological and physiological outcomes. This review makes the case that physical activity shouldn’t be used as a panacea for adolescent mental health problems. Rather, this should be interpreted as a developmentally integrated psychophysiological regulation approach whose benefits depend on dose, timing, context, individual variation, and its combination with sleep, stress management, and supportive social environments.
The Modified Tardieu Scale is commonly used to assess spasticity by differentiating between neural and mechanical resistance. However, its manual administration may reduce objectivity and reproducibility. This study aimed to automate the Quality of Muscle Reaction (QMR) assessment in the wrist flexors. To this end, we developed a Hand Spasticity Testing (HaST) device and QMR classification model. The device integrates two inertial measurement units, surface electromyography sensors, and a force sensor to record joint angle, angular velocity, muscle activity, and reaction force during passive wrist extension. A classification model was then constructed using decision trees based on the acquired features, with training and evaluation performed via leave-one-out cross-validation. Using the developed device, 19 participants with upper-limb spasticity were evaluated. Key features, such as the number of local maxima in joint angle, velocity, and reaction force, along with other derived parameters, were extracted and classified to estimate QMR grades (0–2). The proposed method achieved an overall accuracy of 76% and a weighted average F1-score of 0.76. These results demonstrate the feasibility of objective and automated QMR quantification using the HaST device. The proposed system may serve as a preliminary screening and documentation tool to support objective spasticity assessment in clinical settings.
Fluorescence of citrate-Cu2+ was observed here. Citrate aqueous solution by itself showed weak fluorescence, and the fluorescence intensified about eighth fold (quantum yield increased over eighty fold) with the presence of appropriate Cu2+ ion concentrations at two different pH conditions. Only a certain specific ratio of citrate-Cu2+ generated homogenous particles of a particular size, which showed intensified fluorescence. Intensified fluorescence of citrate-Cu2+ complex was depressed by the presence of EDTA. The coordination between Cu2+ ion and citrate was probably through electrostatic chelation via the carboxylate group of citrate, because the required amount of Cu2+ ion decreased to obtain the fluorescent citrate-Cu2+ complex species, with the increase of pH; and the presence of ethanol disrupted the formation of this strong fluorescent citrate-Cu2+ complex species. This provides fresh insight into the molecular basis of fluorescence characters of citrate-Cu2+ complex, and into the microscopic mechanisms of charges’ and polarity’s effect on the interaction between solutes within the multiple component solution. This study reveals a fresh theoretical understanding of citrate for Cu2+ ion detection, stabilization, and elimination.
Upward intergenerational mobility is often viewed as a sign of social progress and individual achievement because moving into a higher socioeconomic position can improve access to education, income, occupational opportunities, and other useful resources. These changes may reduce exposure to material hardship and, in some cases, support better psychological well-being. At the same time, upward mobility is not always psychologically beneficial. The effort to attain a higher socioeconomic position often involves prolonged stress, strong performance pressure, repeated social comparison, identity-related tension, and fear of falling behind. In addition, not everyone who strives for upward mobility succeeds. Even when objective gains are made, individuals may still experience psychological strain linked to relative deprivation, feelings of inadequacy, distance from their family or community of origin, and continuing insecurity about their social position. This narrative review examines both the possible benefits and the less visible mental health burdens of upward intergenerational mobility from a lifespan perspective. The current study proposes a developmental framework that distinguishes resource-related benefits from mobility-related psychological costs, with particular attention to aspirational strain, uncertainty, comparative stress, belonging conflict, and the emotional consequences of perceived failure or insufficient progress. A central argument of this review is that the mental health implications of upward mobility depend not only on objective socioeconomic gains but also on how individuals interpret their movement, compare themselves with others, and negotiate identity and belonging across the life course. The review concludes with implications for research, practice, and policy, emphasizing that upward mobility should not be treated as a uniformly protective process for mental health and that efforts to promote mobility should also take account of the emotional burdens attached to it.
Hypertension affects many patients worldwide, and its precise treatment is the focus of clinical research. Currently, conventional clinical methods for monitoring blood pressure can only intermittently measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cannot monitor important hemodynamic parameters such as cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and arterial elasticity, thereby affecting the formulation of individualized treatment plans. In recent decades, the emergence of non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring methods has addressed these clinical challenges. These methods use non-invasive methods to monitor parameters such as cardiac pumping function, vascular resistance, and volume status, helping clinicians better understand the pathophysiology of hypertension and facilitating a shift from “empirical blood pressure reduction” to “precision treatment based on hemodynamics”. This article aims to introduce the technical principles, main parameters, and clinical applications of non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring, with a focus on discussing its clinical value in hypertension classification, formulation of individualized treatment plans, assessment of treatment effects, and management of special populations. Based on this, future application and development directions are proposed, aiming to provide references and evidence for the clinical practice of precise hypertension treatment.
