Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease with limited therapeutic options. Lung transplantation is the only curative treatment, but it is rarely available due to a lack of suitable donors. In a recent publication in Science Immunology, Farhat et al. demonstrated that bone marrow transplantation from young donors alleviates fibrosis by restoring immune resolution in aged hosts in animal models. Aged hematopoietic cells exacerbate fibrosis through the persistence of inflammatory macrophages and impaired Treg-derived IL-10, highlighting bone marrow rejuvenation as a potential treatment strategy for IPF.
Why has photocatalysis not gained the wide-ranging commercial applications in environmental purification of air and water that seemed promising 30+ years ago since the first international conference on TiO2 photocatalytic purification and treatment of water in 1992? The primary reason lies in its low intrinsic efficiency. The progress of R&D to enhance this efficiency has been slow, possibly due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of photocatalysis. There is also the possibility that certain factors, with effects comparable to those of the band gap, significantly influence photocatalytic performance but remain underexplored. Additionally, challenges such as mass transfer limitations and surface contamination hinder the industrial application of photocatalysts. It may be time for scientists to reconsider and address the limitations and practical application scenarios of photocatalysis.
Four different rolling strategies were applied to comparatively study the post-rolling process on the microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of a high-boron P92 martensitic heat-resistant steel. Both the characteristics of martensitic lath structures and the evolution of precipitation and texture states are illustrated. Their influence on mechanical properties was also discussed based on the recrystallization state, dislocation density, precipitation state, and also the activation tendency of slipping systems of the dominated texture component. Results revealed that the post-rolling process can significantly improve the plasticity of quenched P92 steel while leading to the reduction of strength simultaneously. However, a high reduction and post isothermal holding sample (HRH) shows the best high-temperature mechanical performance with a balanced tensile strength of 352 MPa and elongation of 33.6%. It is the enhanced precipitation strengthening, recrystallization refinement, and lower Schmid values of main texture components that contribute to the mechanical property improvement of the HRH sample.
High-temperature alloys are critical for advanced thermal components in aerospace and energy industries. Conventional alloys, which rely on a single principal element with limited alloying additions, often exhibit insufficient phase stability and rapid oxidation at extreme temperatures. In recent years, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as revolutionary candidates for high-temperature applications, overcoming the limitations of conventional alloys through their unique multi-principal element design and exceptional performance. This review systematically examines the latest progress in HEAs’ key high-temperature properties: tensile properties, creep resistance, oxidation resistance, and phase stability. Research demonstrates that HEAs achieve remarkable mechanical properties at elevated temperatures through multiple mechanisms, such as lattice distortion effects, precipitation of ordered L12-structured phases, and refined grain boundary engineering. For instance, refractory HEAs like MoNbTaVW and Hf-Nb-Ti-V systems exhibit superior creep resistance at temperatures exceeding 1600 °C, outperforming traditional nickel-based superalloys. The slow diffusion of oxygen and the formation of multi-component oxide layers enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance of high-entropy alloys. Additionally, HEAs display excellent phase stability under thermal exposure, driven by high configurational entropy and optimized microstructural designs, including nanoscale lamellar phases and coherent precipitates. Despite these advances, challenges remain in balancing mechanical strength with ductility, ensuring long-term durability under cyclic thermal-mechanical loads, and tailoring compositions for extreme service conditions. Future efforts should integrate machine learning, computational modeling, and high-throughput experiments to accelerate the discovery of novel HEA systems and validate their performance in practical applications. By addressing these challenges, HEAs are poised to revolutionize material solutions for next-generation aerospace engines, nuclear reactors, and high-efficiency energy systems.
Cylindrical structures used in offshore energy production systems are subjected to various stresses and loads (waves and currents). Understanding the interactions between these cylindrical structures and bedforms is critical, as rapid changes in the bathymetry can expose and damage pile foundations and cables. The impact of a vertical cylinder on a sandy sedimentary bottom subjected to hydrodynamic currents and surface waves is experimentally and theoretically studied. Tests were carried out at the wave flume where patterns are produced. It is observed that patterns emerge due to a subcritical instability at the water-sand interface at the bottom. The characteristics of these patterns can be explained using the Swift-Hohenberg equation. Finally, the experimental results will be applied to the numerical model using the Swift-Hohenberg equation.
