Smart Energy System Research Open Access

The Journal of Smart Energy Systems Research, a Critical Platform for Interdisciplinary Study of Energy Science and Artificial Intelligence

A Smart Kinetic Double-Skin Window System for Enhancing Natural Ventilation in Sustainable Buildings

This study presents the design and performance evaluation of a smart kinetic double-skin window system designed to enhance natural ventilation in buildings, especially those limited to single-sided airflow. The system dynamically adjusts external blade angles in response to real-time wind conditions, using environmental sensors and automated control to optimise airflow distribution and energy performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted for two blade configurations (7° and 15°) under varying wind speeds and directions. Results show that the 15° configuration enhances airflow reach and achieves up to 40% higher air change rates (ACH) compared to the 7°, making it more suitable for high-demand ventilation scenarios. In contrast, The 7° configuration produces lower but more uniform airflow, which is more appropriate for occupant comfort in residential or office environments. Detailed analysis of velocity fields, pressure distributions, and airflow paths confirms that the system effectively adapts to wind direction, maintaining balanced ventilation through integrated airflow channels. The simulations were validated against experimental data, achieving a Close correlation. While thermal and buoyancy effects were not included, future work will extend the model to hybrid ventilation scenarios. The proposed system demonstrates significant potential for sustainable ventilation applications in new and retrofitted building envelopes.

Hybrid Encoder–Decoder Model for Ultra-Short-Term Prediction of Wind Farm Power

The ability to ensure safe and economic operation of power grids is challenging because of the large-scale integration of wind power as a result of its intermittent and fluctuating nature. Accurate wind power prediction is critical to overcome these concerns. This study proposed a novel hybrid encoder–decoder model by combining bidirectional gated recurrent unit, multi-head attention mechanism, and ensemble technique for multi-step ultra-short-term power prediction of wind farms. The bidirectional gated recurrent unit accurately details the complex temporal dependency of input sequence information in the encoder and outputs the encoded vector. To focus on features that contribute more to the output, two types of multi-head attention mechanism, including self-attention and cross-attention, were used in the decoder to decode the encoded vector and obtain the forecast wind power sequence. Furthermore, an ensemble technique was used to integrate forecast results from various individual predictors, which reduced the uncertainty of individual prediction results and improved predictive accuracy. The input data included historical information from the wind farm and future information from numerical weather prediction. The forecast model was validated using actual data, and results showed that it achieved superior accuracy and stability compared with other existing models in four multi-step prediction scenarios (1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-h prediction).

Large Language Model for Secure Operation of Power Systems

The integration of large-scale renewable energy, multi-criteria operational constraints, and complex grid topologies has intensified the challenges faced by the security monitoring process within power system dispatch. Dispatch guidelines, typically expressed in natural language, are difficult for conventional algorithms to interpret and apply in real time, while general-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) lack domain-specific knowledge, risking inaccurate or unsafe recommendations. This study proposes an LLM-based monitoring framework that integrates domain-specific prompt engineering with fuzzy evaluation to address these limitations. The framework interprets dispatch guidelines, analyzes real-time power flow data, and converts semantic assessments into quantitative safety scores, enabling closed-loop decision-making. Validation on the IEEE 14-bus system demonstrates that the optimized LLM outperforms a general LLM in accuracy, logical consistency, and stability under complex multi-standard scenarios, while reducing reliance on manual intervention. The results highlight the framework’s potential to enhance monitoring efficiency and ensure intelligent, secure power system operation.

Feature Selection Technique Using Multiple Linear Regression for Accurate Electricity Demand Forecasting

The rising power demand, driven by population growth, technological innovations, and the advent of smart cities, necessitates precise forecasting to ensure efficient energy distribution and align supply with demand. This paper presents a novel methodology for predicting short-term power consumption through machine learning approaches, specifically employing multiple linear regression for feature selection. In this study, two models are implemented and compared: Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Exploratory data analysis was used to discover the relationships and associations between variables. It reveals that temperature, humidity, time of day, and season are major determinants of electricity use. The results indicate that the LSTM model surpasses Support Vector Regression (SVR) in terms of accuracy and precision. By incorporating multiple linear regression (MLR) for feature selection, the performance of both models improved, with precision gains of 29.1% for SVR and 18.19% for LSTM. Removing extraneous elements, such as wind speed and diffuse solar radiation, enhanced the models’ efficiency and interpretability, allowing for a focus on the most significant factors. The study’s findings underscore the need to optimize feature selection to enhance forecast accuracy and streamline models. This method provides critical insights for enhancing energy management strategies and facilitating sustainable power distribution in light of rising global energy demand.

Evolutionary Game Theory for Sustainable Energy Systems: Strategic Bidding, Carbon Pricing, and Policy Optimization for Clean Energy Development

As the world transitions toward a low-carbon economy, carbon pricing mechanisms, including carbon taxes and emissions trading systems, have emerged as fundamental policy instruments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly within the electricity sector. This comprehensive review examines the impact of these mechanisms on energy market dynamics through the analytical framework of evolutionary game theory (EGT), modeling strategic interactions among power generation companies, renewable energy firms, and regulatory authorities. Our analysis demonstrates that carbon pricing systematically increases operational costs for fossil fuel-based power plants while simultaneously providing competitive advantages to renewable energy producers, accelerating the adoption of cleaner energy technologies. The study emphasizes the critical role of coordinated policy interventions, including subsidies, penalties, and green certificate systems, in facilitating the adoption of clean technologies and optimizing market transition pathways. These findings underscore the importance of well-designed policy frameworks that align economic incentives across all stakeholders to drive sustainable energy system transformation. Additionally, this research demonstrates how EGT can effectively model the strategic bidding behavior of energy firms, providing valuable insights for optimal decision-making under carbon pricing fluctuations. Through comprehensive case studies and simulation analysis, the paper illustrates how firms can leverage evolutionary strategies to optimize investments in clean technologies, enhance inter-firm cooperation, and stabilize market dynamics. This work further explores future research directions, particularly the integration of machine learning and real-time data analytics with EGT to enhance predictive capabilities and strategic decision-making processes. By establishing connections between EGT and real-world energy market dynamics, this study provides a robust analytical framework for understanding long-term behavioral trends in energy markets. The results contribute significantly to the interdisciplinary literature at the intersection of game theory, energy policy, and sustainability science, offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry leaders advancing clean energy transition strategies.

A Smart Kinetic Double-Skin Window System for Enhancing Natural Ventilation in Sustainable Buildings

This study presents the design and performance evaluation of a smart kinetic double-skin window system designed to enhance natural ventilation in buildings, especially those limited to single-sided airflow. The system dynamically adjusts external blade angles in response to real-time wind conditions, using environmental sensors and automated control to optimise airflow distribution and energy performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted for two blade configurations (7° and 15°) under varying wind speeds and directions. Results show that the 15° configuration enhances airflow reach and achieves up to 40% higher air change rates (ACH) compared to the 7°, making it more suitable for high-demand ventilation scenarios. In contrast, The 7° configuration produces lower but more uniform airflow, which is more appropriate for occupant comfort in residential or office environments. Detailed analysis of velocity fields, pressure distributions, and airflow paths confirms that the system effectively adapts to wind direction, maintaining balanced ventilation through integrated airflow channels. The simulations were validated against experimental data, achieving a Close correlation. While thermal and buoyancy effects were not included, future work will extend the model to hybrid ventilation scenarios. The proposed system demonstrates significant potential for sustainable ventilation applications in new and retrofitted building envelopes.utf-8

Feature Selection Technique Using Multiple Linear Regression for Accurate Electricity Demand Forecasting

The rising power demand, driven by population growth, technological innovations, and the advent of smart cities, necessitates precise forecasting to ensure efficient energy distribution and align supply with demand. This paper presents a novel methodology for predicting short-term power consumption through machine learning approaches, specifically employing multiple linear regression for feature selection. In this study, two models are implemented and compared: Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Exploratory data analysis was used to discover the relationships and associations between variables. It reveals that temperature, humidity, time of day, and season are major determinants of electricity use. The results indicate that the LSTM model surpasses Support Vector Regression (SVR) in terms of accuracy and precision. By incorporating multiple linear regression (MLR) for feature selection, the performance of both models improved, with precision gains of 29.1% for SVR and 18.19% for LSTM. Removing extraneous elements, such as wind speed and diffuse solar radiation, enhanced the models’ efficiency and interpretability, allowing for a focus on the most significant factors. The study’s findings underscore the need to optimize feature selection to enhance forecast accuracy and streamline models. This method provides critical insights for enhancing energy management strategies and facilitating sustainable power distribution in light of rising global energy demand.utf-8

Hybrid Encoder–Decoder Model for Ultra-Short-Term Prediction of Wind Farm Power

The ability to ensure safe and economic operation of power grids is challenging because of the large-scale integration of wind power as a result of its intermittent and fluctuating nature. Accurate wind power prediction is critical to overcome these concerns. This study proposed a novel hybrid encoder–decoder model by combining bidirectional gated recurrent unit, multi-head attention mechanism, and ensemble technique for multi-step ultra-short-term power prediction of wind farms. The bidirectional gated recurrent unit accurately details the complex temporal dependency of input sequence information in the encoder and outputs the encoded vector. To focus on features that contribute more to the output, two types of multi-head attention mechanism, including self-attention and cross-attention, were used in the decoder to decode the encoded vector and obtain the forecast wind power sequence. Furthermore, an ensemble technique was used to integrate forecast results from various individual predictors, which reduced the uncertainty of individual prediction results and improved predictive accuracy. The input data included historical information from the wind farm and future information from numerical weather prediction. The forecast model was validated using actual data, and results showed that it achieved superior accuracy and stability compared with other existing models in four multi-step prediction scenarios (1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-h prediction).utf-8

Large Language Model for Secure Operation of Power Systems

The integration of large-scale renewable energy, multi-criteria operational constraints, and complex grid topologies has intensified the challenges faced by the security monitoring process within power system dispatch. Dispatch guidelines, typically expressed in natural language, are difficult for conventional algorithms to interpret and apply in real time, while general-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) lack domain-specific knowledge, risking inaccurate or unsafe recommendations. This study proposes an LLM-based monitoring framework that integrates domain-specific prompt engineering with fuzzy evaluation to address these limitations. The framework interprets dispatch guidelines, analyzes real-time power flow data, and converts semantic assessments into quantitative safety scores, enabling closed-loop decision-making. Validation on the IEEE 14-bus system demonstrates that the optimized LLM outperforms a general LLM in accuracy, logical consistency, and stability under complex multi-standard scenarios, while reducing reliance on manual intervention. The results highlight the framework’s potential to enhance monitoring efficiency and ensure intelligent, secure power system operation.utf-8

Evolutionary Game Theory for Sustainable Energy Systems: Strategic Bidding, Carbon Pricing, and Policy Optimization for Clean Energy Development

As the world transitions toward a low-carbon economy, carbon pricing mechanisms, including carbon taxes and emissions trading systems, have emerged as fundamental policy instruments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly within the electricity sector. This comprehensive review examines the impact of these mechanisms on energy market dynamics through the analytical framework of evolutionary game theory (EGT), modeling strategic interactions among power generation companies, renewable energy firms, and regulatory authorities. Our analysis demonstrates that carbon pricing systematically increases operational costs for fossil fuel-based power plants while simultaneously providing competitive advantages to renewable energy producers, accelerating the adoption of cleaner energy technologies. The study emphasizes the critical role of coordinated policy interventions, including subsidies, penalties, and green certificate systems, in facilitating the adoption of clean technologies and optimizing market transition pathways. These findings underscore the importance of well-designed policy frameworks that align economic incentives across all stakeholders to drive sustainable energy system transformation. Additionally, this research demonstrates how EGT can effectively model the strategic bidding behavior of energy firms, providing valuable insights for optimal decision-making under carbon pricing fluctuations. Through comprehensive case studies and simulation analysis, the paper illustrates how firms can leverage evolutionary strategies to optimize investments in clean technologies, enhance inter-firm cooperation, and stabilize market dynamics. This work further explores future research directions, particularly the integration of machine learning and real-time data analytics with EGT to enhance predictive capabilities and strategic decision-making processes. By establishing connections between EGT and real-world energy market dynamics, this study provides a robust analytical framework for understanding long-term behavioral trends in energy markets. The results contribute significantly to the interdisciplinary literature at the intersection of game theory, energy policy, and sustainability science, offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry leaders advancing clean energy transition strategies.utf-8

The Journal of Smart Energy Systems Research, a Critical Platform for Interdisciplinary Study of Energy Science and Artificial Intelligence