This paper provides a comprehensive review of the synthesis, use, and advantages of cyclodextrin-derivatized ferrimagnetic nanoparticles for the removal of textile dyes from natural waters. Dyes make their way into natural water systems and affect ecosystems and human health. Water soluble natural cyclodextrins (CD) are able to include dyes into their hydrophobic cavities. To extract the pollutant from water, the host molecules need to be tethered to insoluble supports, such as magnetic nanoparticles, making possible the extraction of the pollutant from the water using a simple magnet. Thus, after washing treatment, the pollutant is extracted, and the support is regenerated for a new remediation cycle. We report herein the synthetic strategies to immobilize β-cyclodextrin onto magnetic nanoparticles MNP@CD using weak to strong bindings, and the analytical methods used to characterize and monitor their effectiveness. Hydroxyl groups present on the CD scaffold can chelate iron cores by coprecipitation, solvothermal reaction, polymerization, carboxylic acid coordination, and silica bonding. An assessment of various dye adsorption capacities of MNP@CD is reported, spanning a range of 3 orders of magnitude, from 2.38 to 2780 mg of dye/g. The recyclability of the magnetic nanoparticles, with excellent removal rates of 90% after a few cycles, is also discussed.
Ti2AlNb alloy, a new generation of low-density titanium aluminide intermetallic compound, possesses excellent high-temperature strength, creep resistance, and moderate density, making it a promising candidate for high-temperature aerospace structural components. Powder-based additive manufacturing technology provides an effective approach for fabricating high-performance Ti2AlNb components, featuring high design freedom, efficient forming, and a controllable microstructure. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of powder-based additive manufacturing of Ti2AlNb alloys, focusing on three mainstream powder-based processes, including Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM), and Direct Laser Deposition (DLD). The regulation effect of the extreme non-equilibrium thermal cycle during powder-based additive manufacturing on the alloy microstructure is analyzed, and the correlation between process parameters and mechanical properties of components is summarized. Meanwhile, the key challenges in this field are identified, such as the difficulty in completely eliminating typical forming defects, insufficient precision of microstructure regulation, and a lack of theoretical guidance for process optimization. Finally, combined with technological development trends, future research directions are prospected from the aspects of defect control, microstructure, and mechanical property regulation, as well as engineering application.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a growing source of cardiovascular morbidity, stroke, heart failure, and death. Current pharmacologic rhythm-control strategies rely predominantly on antiarrhythmic agents with significant ventricular proarrhythmia risk and systemic toxicity, limiting their use in medically complex and underserved patient populations. The Kv1.5 channel, encoded by KCNA5, generates the atrial-selective ultrarapid delayed rectifier current (IKur) and has long been considered a promising target for safer rhythm control. This review focuses on the molecular biology of Kv1.5, including its regulation by auxiliary Kvβ1.2 subunits, redox signaling, oxidative stress, and extra-atrial vascular roles, and examines the preclinical and clinical evidence for Kv1.5-targeted therapy. We analyzed why selective IKur inhibitors, including XEN-D0103 and MK-0448, have failed to translate into effective antiarrhythmic therapy, with particular attention to the role of atrial electrical remodeling and reduced IKur density in established AF. We also review the limitations of existing class III and class Ic antiarrhythmic agents and discuss how genetic variation in KCNA5 across ethnic populations may inform more precise and equitable approaches to rhythm control. Together, these findings highlight the promise of Kv1.5 as an atrial-selective target and the major barriers limiting its clinical translation in AF.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating and irreversible damage to the central nervous system that can result in permanent disability or even death. Electrospinning technology, as a specialized fiber preparation method, possesses unique advantages such as high porosity, adjustable pore size, and an extremely high surface area-to-volume ratio. Despite the widespread attention this technology has garnered for its potential application in the treatment of SCI, there is still a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date reviews in the existing literature, and specific clinical treatment guidelines are also scarce. As a result, researchers and clinicians lack targeted guidance for practical implementation. To address this gap, the present article systematically summarizes the mechanisms by which electrospun scaffolds facilitate SCI repair and their current therapeutic applications. First, this review provides an in-depth analysis of the five core mechanisms underlying electrospinning therapy for SCI, including extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicry, axonal-extension guidance, multimodal signal regulation, drug loading and sustained release, and physical support and protection. Next, this review examines how key electrospinning parameters (fiber diameter, alignment, surface chemistry, biodegradation rate, and nanomorphology) influence these therapeutic mechanisms. Finally, this review explores the state-of-the-art applications of electrospun scaffolds in SCI treatment, including purely structural conduits, biochemical functionalization (drug loading and controlled release, immunomodulation and anti-inflammation, and coaxial electrospinning), and multi-component composite materials (hydrogel–electrospun hybrids, cell- and growth-factor co-delivery systems, and cell electrospinning).
Lung cancer ranks first in mortality and the third in total cancer cases diagnosed in the US. The epidemiological trends may vary among different age groups, while the dynamics of risk factors evolve as well. We aim to carefully characterize trends of lung cancer among different age groups in the past two decades, by accessing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) datasets from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and to delineate possible root causes. The SEER datasets were obtained from NCI. Data on environmental risk factors were acquired from the Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Geological Survey. The tobacco consumption data were sourced from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends were examined statistically with the Mann-Kendall algorithm. The incidence rate of lung cancer in the <15 age group has been rising in the past two decades, most strikingly among infants in the 0 age group (at birth to less than 1 year old). These findings were unique for lung cancer. The usage of e-Cigarettes among pregnant women increased, while the potential influence of other known risk factors was on the decline. A shrinkage of the infant population and a higher rate of pregnancy loss were observed during the same timespan. A striking rise in lung cancer incidence among infants has been identified that is opposite to the declining trend in the overall population, which might be related to increased e-Cigarette use in pregnant women. Urgent further investigation is warranted to safeguard the newborn population from being continuously affected potentially by lung cancer.
