This paper examines the factors that affect human–wildlife conflict and its socio-ecological consequences, including impacts on the daily lives of rural people, farming activities, children’s schooling, and livestock rearing. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed. Data were collected from secondary sources, primarily the Uttarakhand State Forest Department and the Forest Survey of India, covering 25 years (2000–2025). Information on wildlife species, their populations, and the number of people killed or injured by wildlife was obtained. The author visited some affected areas of human–wildlife conflict in July 2024 and January 2025. A perception study was conducted in which 212 people from five villages were interviewed. A map of human–wildlife conflict hotspots was also prepared. Three districts of Uttarakhand—Pauri, Almora, and Tehri—were identified as human-wildlife conflict hotspots. This study reveals that elephants dominate the plains—namely the Doon Valley and the Tarai region—whereas leopards and bears dominate the middle Himalayan region in terms of human–wildlife conflict. Wild boars and langurs are also found in the same region. Snow leopards are confined to the Greater Himalayan region. Every day, one or more people are killed by wildlife, and the number of injured people is considerably high. Fatalities from leopard attacks are highest, followed by bear attacks, mainly in the middle Himalayan region. The study suggests that both the Forest Department and local communities can play significant roles in managing wildlife through awareness programmes and improved forest management.
As an intelligence paradigm, embodied intelligence emphasizes that intelligent capabilities emerge from the dynamic interaction between an intelligent agent and its physical embodiment, and are realized through a continuous closed-loop process integrating perception, decision-making, action, and feedback. With the rapid development of embodied intelligence, humanoid robots have become increasingly important in intelligent manufacturing, service, and human-robot collaboration. Joint modules, as the core units responsible for perception, decision-making, and actuation, determine the motion performance, interaction capability, and intelligence level of humanoid robots. Research directions in this field remain fragmented, technological pathways are diverse, and systematic summaries of evolutionary patterns are lacking. First, publication trends, country and institutional collaboration networks, and major research contributors were analyzed. Research on humanoid robot joint modules has entered a phase of rapid growth since 2018, indicating a shift from early exploratory studies toward engineering and large-scale applications. Second keyword co-occurrence, clustering analysis, and burst detection were used to identify research hotspots and evolutionary features, research focus gradually shifted from traditional electromechanical actuation to compliant actuation, intelligent control, multimodal perception, and embodied intelligence. Furthermore, key technologies of joint modules were systematically summarized and reviewed from four aspects: structural design and performance optimization, motion control, human-robot interaction, and biomimetic actuation for human-like performance enhancement. Joint modules gradually evolved toward structural integration, intelligent control, natural interaction, and human-like system characteristics. Technical bottlenecks in current humanoid robot joint modules were analyzed, and future research directions were proposed to provide technical support and theoretical guidance for both industrial applications and academic research in humanoid robotics.
Bidirectional neural interaction pathways play a critical role in determining the performance of intelligent upper-limb prostheses. Specifically, the nervous system should be able to control prosthetic movements according to the user’s intention, while the operating state of the prosthesis should be conveyed back to the user through sensory feedback interfaces, thereby establishing a bidirectional interface between the prosthesis and the human nervous system. This paper introduces the major approaches for neural motor control, including brain–computer interfaces and myoelectric interfaces, discusses stimulation modalities and sensory mapping strategies for sensory feedback, and analyzes future directions for bidirectional sensorimotor interfaces in upper-limb prostheses.
As the leading global producer of apples, China’s apple industry faces substantial challenges posed by abiotic stresses. Consequently, it is imperative to carry out an in-depth synthesis and refinement of the unique physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying apple stress resistance, as well as to comprehensively and precisely uncover their response patterns under diverse abiotic stress conditions. Such endeavors are crucial for fostering the sustainable development of the apple industry. Presently, research on abiotic stresses in Chinese apples is intricately linked to industrial issues prevalent in major apple-producing regions, with a primary emphasis on improving drought, cold, and salt-alkali tolerance. This review synthesizes studies on Chinese apples, spanning tree growth, physiological biochemistry, and molecular regulation. Key questions and future directions are outlined to inform research on stress resistance and precision breeding strategies.
