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Review

08 January 2025

A Review of Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Grinding for Advanced Materials

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG), which superimposes high-frequency, micro-amplitude ultrasonic vibration onto conventional grinding (CG), offers several advantages, including a high material removal rate, low grinding force, low surface roughness, and minimal damage. It also addresses issues such as abrasive tool clogging, thereby enhancing machining efficiency, reducing tool wear, and improving the surface quality of the workpiece. In recent years, the rapid development of advanced materials and improvements in UVAG systems have accelerated the progress of UVAG technology. However, UVAG still faces several challenges in practical applications. For example, the design and optimization of the ultrasonic vibration system to achieve high-precision, large-amplitude, and high-efficiency grinding remain key issues. Additionally, further theoretical and experimental studies are needed to better understand the material removal mechanism, the dynamics of grinding force, abrasive tool wear, and their effects on surface quality. This paper outlines the advantages of UVAG in machining advanced materials, reviews recent progress in UVAG research, and analyzes the current state of ultrasonic vibration systems and ultrasonic grinding characteristics. Finally, it summarizes the limitations of current research and suggests directions for future studies. As an emerging machining technology, UVAG faces challenges in many areas. In-depth exploration of the theoretical and experimental aspects of high-precision, large-amplitude, and high-efficiency ultrasonic vibration systems and UVAG is essential for advancing the development of this technology.

Keywords: Ultrasonic vibration grinding; Advanced materials; Ultrasonic vibration system; Machining characteristics; Surface quality
Intell. Sustain. Manuf.
2025,
2
(1), 10001; 
Open Access

Communication

08 January 2025

Development of Eco-Friendly Composites Using Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Diss Fibers (Ampelodesmos Mauritanicus)

In response to the growing environmental threats and pollution linked to synthetic plastics, current scientific inquiry is prioritizing the advancement of biodegradable materials. In this context, this study investigates the possibility of developing fully biodegradable materials using plant fibers extracted from the Diss plant (Ampelodesmos mauritanicus) as reinforcement in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)-based biocomposites. The biocomposites were prepared by melt blending in the following weight ratio: PHBV/Diss fibers 80/20. The chemical structure of Diss fibers was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The impact of Diss fibers on the mechanical properties of biocomposites has also been investigated in comparison to neat PHBV. FTIR and XRF analyses identified cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin as the main components of Diss fibers. On the other hand, the results showed a significant enhancement of Young’s modulus (⁓21%) of PHBV/DF biocomposites in comparison to neat PHBV due to a better dispersion of the fibers in the matrix, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) images.

Keywords: PHBV; Diss fibers; Biocomposites; Biodegradable materials
Sustain. Polym. Energy
2025,
3
(1), 10001; 
Open Access

Article

07 January 2025

Trace DNA Recovery: Insights from Dubai Police Casework

Trace DNA represents a critical form of forensic evidence, frequently recovered from a wide variety of touched or used items. Despite its evidentiary value, trace DNA analysis poses significant challenges due to the minute quantities of DNA involved, as well as the influence of factors such as surface type, collection methods, and environmental exposure. This study systematically examines the success rates and characteristics of trace DNA profiles recovered from six-item categories—tools, stolen items, wearable items, packaging materials, vehicles, and touched items—processed between 2021 and 2023 by the Biology and DNA Section of the Dubai Police Force. A total of 6277 cases were analyzed, encompassing a range of crimes, including homicide, suicide, missing persons, paternity disputes, and burglary. The results demonstrated an overall trace DNA success rate of 64%, with wearable items yielding the highest success rate at 76% and packaging materials yielding the lowest at 54%. Detailed analysis of positive DNA trace samples revealed significant variability in DNA profile types across item categories. Wearable items and touched items predominantly yielded full single (FS) DNA profiles, reflecting their reliability as sources of singular and high-quality DNA. Conversely, stolen items and packaging materials showed a greater prevalence of full mixed (FM) DNA profiles, highlighting their association with complex mixtures due to handling by multiple contributors. Tools and vehicles, meanwhile, exhibited higher rates of partial profiles, presenting unique challenges related to surface irregularities and environmental factors. This study emphasizes the importance of tailoring forensic strategies to item-specific characteristics, as well as the need for systematic mechanisms to categorize trace samples. Addressing operational challenges such as manual sorting and leveraging automation or AI-based systems can further streamline trace DNA analysis. The findings also underscore the importance of data sharing and standardization across forensic laboratories to enhance trace DNA recovery protocols and improve reliability in forensic investigations. Future research should focus on the effects of material properties, environmental exposure, and collection techniques on DNA retention, advancing the field of trace DNA profiling and its applications in forensic science.

Keywords: Forensic science; Trace DNA; Touch DNA; DNA recovery; Cotton swab; PrepFiler Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction Kit; Investigator Quantiplex Pro Quantification Kit; GlobalFiler™ PCR Amplification Kit; DNA profiling; STR analysis; Forensic casework; DNA success rate
Open Access

Article

06 January 2025

A Bounded-Function-Based Scheme for Finite-Time Stabilization of a NWMR with Input Constraints

This paper addresses the finite-time stabilization problem for a nonholonomic wheeled mobile robot (NWMR) with input constraints. By utilizing the hyperbolic tangent function tanh(·), bounded finite-time stabilization controllers are developed. In addition, an explicit upper-bound estimate for the closed-loop settling time is given, and the level of input constraints is characterized by parameters that depend on the actuator’s capacity. A thorough finite-time stability analysis is carried out using appropriate Lyapunov functions. For a compact set contained in the domain of attraction, a guideline is presented to clarify how to construct it. Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness of the developed controllers.

Keywords: Finite-time stability/Stabilization; Bounded input; Input constraints
Drones Veh. Auton.
2025,
2
(1), 10001; 
Open Access

Commentary

03 January 2025

Geographies of Peripheral Rural Areas—Some Comments

The dominance of positivist approaches has led to the development of center-periphery models, which establish a relatively naturalized relationship between urban core areas and residual rural areas. Recent approaches to planetary rural geographies provide an opportunity to re-situate this issue and address it within the context of the revitalization of many rural areas, not only in the global North but also in the global South. However, multiple competing realities continue to shape the dynamics of these spaces. In large areas of the global South, material challenges persist despite some promising trends, while in the global North, dynamics are largely influenced by post-industrial societies. Africa serves as a relevant example to illustrate the limitations and shortcomings of recent planetary approaches to rural geography development. As an alternative, smaller-scale approaches focusing on community participation and the living conditions of people are proposed.

Keywords: Rural; Periphery; Geography; Global; Place
Rural Reg. Dev.
2025,
3
(1), 10001; 
Open Access

Review

02 January 2025

Cell-Autonomous and Non-Cell-Autonomous Antiviral Immunity via siRNA-Directed RNAi in Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, the siRNA-directed RNAi pathway provides crucial antiviral defenses. Cell-autonomously, Dicer-2 (Dcr-2) recognizes and cleaves viral dsRNA into siRNAs, which are incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Argonaute 2 (Ago2) then targets and cleaves viral RNA, preventing replication. Non-cell-autonomously, infected hemocytes secrete exosomes containing viral siRNAs, spreading antiviral signals to other cells. Additionally, tunneling nanotubes can transfer RNAi components between neighboring cells, further enhancing systemic immunity. These findings highlight the sophisticated antiviral strategies in Drosophila, offering insights for broader antiviral research.

Keywords: RNAi; siRNA; Antiviral immunity; Cell autonomous; Non-cell autonomous; Dcr-2; Drosophila melanogaster
Immune Discov.
2025,
1
(1), 10002; 
Open Access

Review

02 January 2025

Potential Regulatory Role of Appetite-Regulating Hormones and Exercise Associated with Emotional Eating: A Narrative Review

Emotional eating denotes the behavior in which individuals regulate their emotions by eating in response to adverse emotions or psychological stress. Emotional eating is tightly linked to health issues such as obesity and metabolic disorders, and may give rise to unhealthy eating habits. The aim of this review is to investigate the psychological and physiological mechanisms of emotional eating, probe the potential impact of exercise as a tool for emotional regulation in emotional eating, and its role in avoiding the development of emotional eating into binge eating disorder. In addition, the review assesses gender differences and the potential risks of exercise interventions, aiming to provide theoretical support for clinical applications. A literature search was performed to assess the literature relevant to the role of appetite-controlling hormones and exercise in emotional eating. The search process covered multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. It used a combination of keywords such as “emotional eating”, “appetite-controlling hormones”, “exercise”, and “mood regulation” to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant areas. Inclusion criteria were original research, review articles, and meta-analyses published in English with adult participants. Exclusion criteria included studies relevant to non-emotional appetite changes due to diseases, studies without exercise interventions, and those missing physiological data. The final selected literature was reviewed and considered by independent reviewers to ensure the quality and relevance of the research. Studies suggest that emotional eating is tightly relevant to dysfunction in emotional regulation mechanisms. Specifically, when encountering adverse emotions, individuals may choose high-calorie foods to seek emotional comfort. Exercise, as an effective method of emotional regulation, can reduce emotional eating by modulating appetite hormones (such as leptin and ghrelin) and enhancing emotional well-being. However, the effects of exercise differ by gender, with women generally more likely than men to regulate emotions and lower appetite through exercise. Despite the positive regulatory effects of exercise, intense exercise may also give rise to adverse psychological and physiological effects, such as anxiety, depression, and overtraining syndrome. Hence, exercise interventions should be modified according to individual conditions to avoid excessive risks. Emotional eating overlaps with a binge eating disorder, and if emotional eating is not efficiently managed, it may progress to a binge eating disorder. Thus, exercise interventions could act as an effective means of preventing emotional eating from evolving into a binge eating disorder. In summary, this review emphasizes the importance of emotional regulation in modulating emotional eating, and the positive role of exercise interventions in emotional eating, notably in avoiding binge eating disorder. Future research should further probe the optimal exercise intervention strategies and focus on gender differences and the potential risks of exercise interventions.

Keywords: Emotional eating; Appetite-regulating hormones; Exercise; Leptin; Ghrelin; Insulin
Lifespan Dev. Ment. Health
2025,
1
(1), 10001; 
Open Access

Article

31 December 2024

Porous 430L Stainless Steel as a Support Layer for Planar Solid Oxide Cells: Effect of Porosity on Mechanical Properties

Porous 430L stainless steel components fabricated via tape casting underwent mechanical testing for potential in-vehicle application as mechanical supports of solid oxide cells. Tests included three-point bending up to 5% strain to assess flexural strength, yield strength, Young’s modulus, indentation hardness, and microstructural characterization. This study aimed to establish the relationship between pore former size and volume fraction and the resulting yield strength. It also compared sintered material without pore former, focusing on the influence of a wide range of porosity of up to 46.5%. The materials exhibited an inverse relationship for Young’s modulus, hardness and yield strength as a function of porosity. The lowest flexural yield strength obtained was approximately 120 MPa at the highest porosity of 46.5%, meeting the requirement of 59 MPa for the bipolar plates of existing proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

Keywords: Stainless steel; Three-point bending; Porosity; SOC substrate; EBSD; Mechanical properties
High-Temp. Mat.
2024,
1
(2), 10011; 
Open Access

Perspective

31 December 2024

Offshore Renewable Energy Advance

Offshore renewable energy generation has become an important means to address the energy crisis and climate change, which has gained widespread attention in recent years. This article presents classic domestic and international cases that introduce the development and industrial transformation of generation technologies for offshore wind, offshore photovoltaics, ocean wave energy, tidal energy and temperature difference energy. Offshore power generation projects face challenges in design, safety, long-term operation and economic feasibility. Offshore renewable energy generation is gradually moving towards industrialization, and is expected to become a key component of global energy supply in the future with technological advancements and policy support, providing strong support for tackling climate change and achieving sustainable development goals.

Keywords: Offshore renewable energy; Offshore wind power generation; Offshore photovoltaics; Hydrogen energy
Mar. Energy Res.
2024,
1
(1), 10006; 
Open Access

Review

30 December 2024

Mini Review on the Photocatalytic Removal of Gaseous Ammonia: Current Status and Challenges

Ammonia gas (NH3) is a notorious malodorous pollutant released mainly in agriculture and industry. With the increasing demand for ammonia, environmental pollution caused by ammonia discharge has seriously threatened human health and safety. Due to the discrete emission and low concentration of NH3, photocatalytic oxidation is an economical and efficient treatment strategy. TiO2, as a common photocatalyst, has been widely used by researchers for the photocatalytic removal of NH3. In addition, surface modification, element doping, semiconductor recombination and metal loading are used to improve the utilization rate of solar energy and carrier of TiO2 so as to find a catalyst with high efficiency and high N2 selectivity. Further, at present, there are three main removal mechanisms of NH3 photocatalytic oxidation: ·NH2 mechanism, iSCR mechanism and N2H4 mechanism. Among them, N2H4 mechanism is expected to be the main removal path of NH3 photocatalytic oxidation in the future because the removal process does not involve NOx and nitrate. This review summarizes recent studies on the photocatalytic oxidation of NH₃, focusing primarily on NH₃ removal efficiency, N₂ selectivity, and the underlying removal mechanisms. Additionally, the potential future applications of NH₃ photocatalytic oxidation are discussed.

Keywords: Gaseous ammonia; Photocatalytic oxidation; NH3 removal; Reaction mechanism
Green Chem. Technol.
2025,
2
(1), 10010; 
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