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Dynamic Mechanics of Carbon Containing Alumina Refractories and the Effect of Carbon Resource and Cyclic Thermal Exposure

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Dynamic Mechanics of Carbon Containing Alumina Refractories and the Effect of Carbon Resource and Cyclic Thermal Exposure

Zexian Wang 1,2 Haodong Wu 1 Tianbin Zhu 1,2 Juan Yang 3 Shengli Jin 1,2 Yawei Li 1,2 Yajie Dai 1,2,*

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1
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Refractories, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
2
Joint International Research Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
3
College of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
*
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Received: 05 June 2026 Revised: 15 June 2026 Accepted: 30 June 2026 Published: 13 July 2026

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© 2026 The authors. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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High-Temp. Mater. 2026, 3(3), 10014; DOI: 10.70322/htm.2026.10014
ABSTRACT: Dynamic thermo-mechanical stresses caused by sudden temperature changes and molten steel impact, etc., accelerate the degradation of Al2O3-C refractories during service. To investigate the dynamic degradation behavior, dynamic mechanical tests were conducted using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB), systematically examining the effects of partial substitution of flake graphite by expanded graphite and thermal degradation. The results show that the Al2O3-C refractories exhibit a significant strain-rate hardening effect, with strength increasing with impact velocity and the failure mode progressively transitioning from crack propagation to pulverization. Cyclic prolonged thermal exposure to 1500 °C contributes to the SiC whiskers formation and densification, and results in the increase strength and brittleness. The phenomenon of specimen after 5 cycles having the optimal impact resistance proves the both the strength and energy dominated failure process. The introduction of expanded graphite effectively suppresses crack propagation and enhances energy dissipation capacity through interlayer sliding and stress buffering related to the myrmekitic texture, which provides a rationale for the development of low-carbon materials.
Keywords: Al2O3-C refractories; Dynamic failure; Expand graphite; Strain rate hardening effect; Thermal effect
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