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Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis of Subsea Isobaric Hydrogen Storage

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Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis of Subsea Isobaric Hydrogen Storage

Zhiwen Wang 1,* Zecheng Zhao 1 Hu Wang 1 Peng Li 2 Tonio Sant 3 David S.-K. Ting 4 Rupp Carriveau 4 Wei Xiong 1

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1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
2
Power China Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha 410014, China
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
4
Turbulence and Energy Laboratory, University of Windsor, Windsor ON N9B 3P4, Canada
*
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Received: 02 April 2026 Revised: 08 May 2026 Accepted: 19 May 2026 Published: 29 May 2026

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© 2026 The authors. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mar. Energy Res. 2026, 3(2), 10010; DOI: 10.70322/mer.2026.10010
ABSTRACT: Floating offshore wind-based green hydrogen production has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional electricity generation and transmission. Large scale, long duration offshore hydrogen storage is a critical component. A subsea isobaric hydrogen storage concept is proposed in this study. A detailed levelized cost of storage (LCOS) analysis is conducted from the perspective of life cycle assessment for the first time. The findings yield several new insights and provide recommendations for optimizing the techno-economic performance of subsea isobaric hydrogen storage technology. Transportation and installation costs are significant contributors to overall expenses. In the benchmark scenario with a 200-m water depth and a weekly cycling rate, the calculated LCOS is 0.52 USD/kg H2, which is substantially lower than that of conventional pressurized container storage with the value of 1.33 USD/kg H2. And the LCOS decreases with the increasing water depth. The LCOS is 0.14 USD/kg H2 when the water depth is 800 m. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the LCOS is primarily influenced by the hydrogen storage accumulator, while the impact of the wind farm is marginal. The LCOS demonstrates high sensitivity to water depth of storage, storage volume per hydrogen accumulator, and the lifetime of hydrogen accumulators. These results provide valuable guidance for the design and deployment of cost-effective subsea isobaric hydrogen storage systems.
Keywords: Green hydrogen; Offshore renewable energy; Levelized cost of storage; Hydrogen storage; Subsea; Isobaric; Energy storage; Offshore wind
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