Detection and Classification of Faults in a Photovoltaic System—A New Hybrid Algorithm

lssue 4, Volume 3
Part of Special Issue: Modeling, Control, Optimization, and Diagnostics of Photovoltaic Systems
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Detection and Classification of Faults in a Photovoltaic System—A New Hybrid Algorithm

Muhammad Abdullah 1,* Muhammad Qasim Shah 2,* Kashif Habib 1 Fajar Kabeer 3 Muhammad Basit Shakir 4 Rida Zainab 1 Abdul Kader Sekh 4
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1
Institute of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
2
Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
3
Department of Physics, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
4
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
*
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Received: 07 July 2025 Accepted: 12 September 2025 Published: 25 September 2025

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© 2025 The authors. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Clean Energy Sustain. 2025, 3(4), 10014; DOI: 10.70322/ces.2025.10014
ABSTRACT: Four main types of faults can occur at the DC side of any Photovoltaic System (PVS). These faults are quite dangerous and can cause permanent damage to the photovoltaic modules if not addressed promptly. The faults include open circuit, short circuit, degradation, and partial shading. Short circuit faults are classified into line-to-line (L-L) and line-to-ground (L-G). Detecting these faults requires specialized algorithms. This paper tackles this complex issue through (1) fault-finding equations and the placement of current sensors, and (2) a new hybrid algorithm based on data from the fault-finding equations and current sensors. Numerous simulations using PSIM 2021 were conducted to verify this proposed solution. The hybrid algorithm presented here is original compared to previous studies. It is easy to understand, responds quickly, and can be implemented in systems with photovoltaic arrays of any size.
Keywords: Photovoltaic system faults; PV system fault detection; Open circuit faults; Fault detection and classification
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