What Do Indigenous Perspectives from the Americas on Nonhuman Beings Tell Us Considering Artificial Intelligence, Humanoid Robots, and Synthetic Life Forms?

ABSTRACT: This essay examines the understanding of artificial intelligence, humanoid robots, and biohybrid systems—or synthetic life forms—from an indigenous perspective in the Americas. Building on a critical examination of the ontological turn, this essay explores the significance of relationality for indigenous peoples beyond concepts such as animism or new animism. The ontological turn does not establish substantive connections to the modern world regarding these entities. However, techno-animism seems to suggest an ontological approach to artificial intelligence, though it does not explain how ontology develops in practice for humans and nonhumans alike. Based on reflections on indigenous perspectives in the Americas, this essay attempts to develop an alternative foundation for ontology regarding artificial intelligence, humanoid robots, and biohybrid systems or synthetic life forms—entities that are more than just tools or machines.