courses-img1News
International Respiratory Medicine Conference 2024 JEMP2024 NextGen Omics US 2025 A Topic Collection Dedicated to JEMP 2024 9th Asian Conference on Civil, Material and Environmental Science The 4th Climate, Weather and Water Forum International Conference of the German Society for Plant Sciences Emerging concepts and Novel Mechanisms in Organ Fibrosis Workshop ECB-IBS 2024 Five Editors-in-Chief Featured in the List of "Highly Cited
Sign in Register Submit

Journals Article Details

Clean Energy and Sustainability-logo
Submit to CES
Review Open Access

Microgrids Overview and Performance Evaluation on Low-voltage Distribution Network

Clean Energy and Sustainability. 2024, 2(1), 10008; https://doi.org/10.35534/ces.2023.10008
Ereola Johnson Aladesanmi *    Kingsley A Ogudo   
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 07 Oct 2023    Accepted: 01 Nov 2023    Published: 14 Nov 2023   

Full-Text HTML Full-Text PDF Download PDF

Abstract

Besides the increase in global energy demand, access to clean energy, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions caused by conventional power generation techniques, energy security, and availability of electricity in remote villages in emerging nations are some of the factors that foster the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) in generating electricity. One of the aims of initiating microgrids (MGs) is to maximize the benefits of RES while alleviating grid-connect issues. Microgrids are interconnected RESs and electrical loads within clearly delineated electrical limits that operate as individual controllable units on the electrical network. It can operate independently and be grid-connected. The paper presents a review and performance assessment of renewable energy-based microgrids under various operating scenarios in stand-alone, grid-connected, and transitioning modes of operation. Fault occurrences, an increase in micro-source generation, a load increase, and the sudden disconnection of a micro-source are some of the simulated scenarios. Microgrid network components’ performance, such as the bidirectional DC-DC converter and energy storage system (ESS), was evaluated. The simulated microgrid architecture includes a small hydroelectric plant, wind farm, and ESS. The work provides valuable information to energy stakeholders on the performance of microgrids in low-voltage distribution networks. The microgrid is coupled to a low-voltage distribution network (0.415 kV) via a PCC. The system under investigation is modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. From the simulation analysis, the fault effect was felt on the utility and did not escalate to the microgrid side during stand-alone operation. Power quality issues, such as voltage rise, are some of the challenges identified during the transition from one mode of operation to another. However, the energy storage system responds to disturbances and maintains system stability. The originality of this paper is based on evaluating different modes of operation of microgrids and comparing system performances under various operating conditions.

Keywords

Microgrid; Small hydropower plant; Wind farm; Battery energy storage systems; Grid-connected; Stand-alone mode; Power quality 

References

1.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2022. Available online: www.un.org/development/desa/pd/ (accessed on 1 July 2022).
2.
Saeed MH, Fangzong W, Kalwar BA, Iqbal S. A Review on Microgrids’ Challenges Perspectives.  IEEE Access 2021, 9, 166502–166517. [Google Scholar]
3.
Deshmukh MK, Deshmukh SS. Modeling of hybrid renewable energy systems.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2008, 12, 235–249. [Google Scholar]
4.
Canziani F, Vargas R, Gastelo-Roque JA. Hybrid Photovoltaic-Wind Microgrid With Battery Storage for Rural Electrification: A Case Study in Perú.  Front. Energy Res. 2021, 8, 528571. [Google Scholar]
5.
Mahmud MA, Hossain MJ, Pota HR. Voltage variation on distribution networks with distributed generation: Worst case scenario.  IEEE Syst. J. 2014, 8, 1096–1103. [Google Scholar]
6.
Chiradeja P, Ramakumar R. An approach to quantify the technical benefits of distributed generation. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2004, 19, 764–773. [Google Scholar]
7.
Gil HA, Joos G. Models for quantifying the economic benefits of distributed generation.  IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2008, 23, 327–335. [Google Scholar]
8.
Abbey C, Katiraei F, Brothers C, Dignard-Bailey L, Joos G. Integration of distributed generation and wind energy in Canada. In Proceeding of the 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, 18–22 June 2006.
9.
Katiraei F, Abbey C, Bahry R. Analysis of voltage regulation problem for a 25-kV distribution network with distributed generation. In Proceeding of the 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, 18–22 June 2006.
10.
Suman GK, Guerrero JM, Roy OP. Robust Frequency Control in Interconnected Microgrids: An H2/H∞ Control Approach.  IEEE Syst. J. 2022, 16, 2044–2055. [Google Scholar]
11.
Hirsch A, Parag Y, Guerrero J. Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 90, 402–411. [Google Scholar]
12.
Castillo-Calzadilla T, Macarulla AM, O. Kamara-Esteban, Borges CE. A case study comparison between photovoltaic and fossil generation based on direct current hybrid microgrids to power a service building.  J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 244, 118870. [Google Scholar]
13.
Castillo-Calzadilla T, Cuesta MA, Quesada C, Olivares-Rodriguez C. Is a massive deployment of renewable-based low voltage direct current microgrids feasible ? Converters, protections, controllers, and social approach.  Energy Rep. 2022, 8, 12302–12326. [Google Scholar]
14.
Castillo-Calzadilla T, Cuesta MA, Olivares-Rodriguez C, Macarulla AM, Legarda J.  Is it feasible a massive deployment of low voltage direct current microgrids renewable-based ? A technical and social sight.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 161, 112198. [Google Scholar]
15.
Ton DT, Smith MA. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Microgrid Initiative.  Electr. J. 2012, 25, 84–94. [Google Scholar]
16.
Parhizi S, Lotfi H, Khodaei A, Bahramirad S. State of the art in research on microgrids: A review.  IEEE Access 2015, 3, 890–925. [Google Scholar]
17.
Mohammed A, Refaat SS, Bayhan S, Abu-Rub H. AC Microgrid Control and Management Strategies: Evaluation and Review.  IEEE Power Electron. Mag. 2019, 6, 18–31. [Google Scholar]
18.
Marnay C, Chatzivasileiadis S, Abbey C, Iravani R, Joos G, Lombardi P, et al. Microgrid Evolution Roadmap Engineering, Economics, and Experience. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Symposium on Smart Electric Distribution Systems and Technologies (EDST15), Vienna, Austria, 7–11 September 2015.
19.
Schwaegerl C, Tao L. Quantification of technical, economic, environmental and social benefits of microgrid operation. In Microgrids; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013.
20.
Hatziargyriou N, Asano H, Iravani R, Marnay C. An Overview of Ongoing Research, Development, and Demonstration Projects.  IEEE Power Mag. 2007, 5, 78–99. [Google Scholar]
21.
Peças Lopes JA, Moreira CL, Madureira AG, Resende FO, Wu X, Jayawarna N, et al. Control strategies for MicroGrids emergency operation. In Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 18 November 2005.
22.
Abdi H, Shahbazitabar M. Smart city: A review on concepts, definitions, standards, experiments, and challenges.  J. Energy Manag. Technol. 2020, 4, 1–6. [Google Scholar]
23.
Abbasi M, Abbasi E, Li L, Aguilera RP, Lu D, Wang F. Review on the Microgrid Concept, Structures, Components, Communication Systems, and Control Methods. Energies 2023, 16, 484. [Google Scholar]
24.
Guerrero JM, Chandorkar M, Lee TL, Loh PC.  Advanced control architectures for intelligent microgrids-part i: Decentralized and hierarchical control.  IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2013, 60, 1254–1262. [Google Scholar]
25.
Moran B. Microgrid load management and control strategies. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D), Dallas, TX, USA, 3–5 May 2016.
26.
Mbungu NT, Madiba T, Bansal RC, Bettayeb M, Naidoo RM, Siti MW, et al. Economic optimal load management control of microgrid system using energy storage system.  J. Energy Storage 2022, 46, 103843. [Google Scholar]
27.
Zia MF, Elbouchikhi E, Benbouzid M. Microgrids energy management systems: A critical review on methods, solutions, and prospects.  Appl. Energy 2018, 222, 1033–1055. [Google Scholar]
28.
Erenoğlu AK, Şengör İ, Erdinç O, Taşcıkaraoğlu A, Catalão JPS. Optimal energy management system for microgrids considering energy storage, demand response, and renewable power generation.  Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2022, 136, 107714. [Google Scholar]
29.
Elsied M, Oukaour A, Gualous H, Hassan R. Energy management and optimization in microgrid system based on green energy.  Energy 2015, 84, 139–151. [Google Scholar]
30.
Patrao I, Figueres E, Garcerá G, González-Medina R. Microgrid architectures for low voltage distributed generation.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 43, 415–424. [Google Scholar]
31.
Fu Q, Nasiri A, Solanki A, A. Bani-Ahmed, Weber L, Bhavaraju V. Microgrids: Architectures, Controls, Protection, and Demonstration. Electr. Power Compon. Syst. 2015, 43, 1453–1465. [Google Scholar]
32.
Hossain E, Kabalci E, Bayindir R, Perez R. Microgrid testbeds around the world: State of art.  Energy Convers. Manag. 2014, 86, 132–153. [Google Scholar]
33.
Hammerstrom DJ. AC versus DC distribution systems-did we get it right? In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA, 24–28 June 2007.
34.
Jiang Z, Yu X. Hybrid DC- and AC-linked microgrids: Towards integration of distributed energy resources. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 17–18 November 2008.
35.
Ahmed M, Meegahapola L, Vahidnia A, Datta M. Stability and Control Aspects of Microgrid Architectures-A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 144730–144766. [Google Scholar]
36.
Venkateswaran VB, Saini DK, Sharma M. Environmental constrained optimal hybrid energy storage system planning for an Indian distribution network.  IEEE Access 2020, 8, 97793–97808. [Google Scholar]
37.
Iovine A, Rigaut T, Damm G, E. De Santis, Di Benedetto MD. Power management for a DC MicroGrid integrating renewables and storages.  Control Eng. Pract. 2019, 85, 59–79. [Google Scholar]
38.
Arulampalam A, Barnes M, Engler A, Goodwin A, Jenkins N. Control of power electronic interfaces in distributed generation Microgrids.  Int. J. Electron. 2004, 91, 503–523. [Google Scholar]
39.
Zhu X, Han XQ, Qin WP, Wang P. Past today and future development of micro-grids in China.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 42, 1453–1463. [Google Scholar]
40.
Justo JJ, Mwasilu F, Lee J, Jung JW. AC-microgrids versus DC-microgrids with distributed energy resources: A review.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 24, 387–405. [Google Scholar]
41.
Shahparasti M, Mohamadian M, Baboli PT, Yazdianp A. Toward power quality management in hybrid AC-DC microgrid using LTC-L utility-interactive inverter: Load voltage-grid current tradeoff.  IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2017, 8, 857–867. [Google Scholar]
42.
Hossain MA, Pota HR, Issa W, Hossain MJ. Overview of AC microgrid controls with inverter-interfaced generations.  Energies 2017, 10, 1300. [Google Scholar]
43.
Alfergani A, Khalil A, Rajab Z. Networked control of AC microgrid.  Sustain. Cities Soc. 2018, 37, 371–387. [Google Scholar]
44.
Shahgholian G. A brief review on microgrids: Operation, applications, modeling, and control.  Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 2021, 31, e12885. [Google Scholar]
45.
Salkuti SR. Challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid.  Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2020, 10, 1179–1186. [Google Scholar]
46.
Arnold GW. Challenges and opportunities in smart grid: A position article.  Proc. IEEE 2011, 99, 922–927. [Google Scholar]
47.
Che L, Shahidehpour M. DC microgrids: Economic operation and enhancement of resilience by hierarchical control.  IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2014, 5, 2517–2526. [Google Scholar]
48.
Planas E, Andreu J, Gárate JI, I. Martínez De Alegría, Ibarra E. AC and DC technology in microgrids: A review.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 43, 726–749. [Google Scholar]
49.
Tavakkoli MA, Radan A, Hassibi H. Simulation and Analysis of a Compact Electronic Infrastructure for DC Micro-Grid: Necessity and Challenges.  Smart Grid Renew. Energy 2012, 3, 73–82. [Google Scholar]
50.
Zhang F, Meng C, Yang Y, Sun C, Ji C, Chen C, et al. Advantages and challenges of DC microgrid for commercial building: A case study from Xiamen university DC microgrid. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Atlanta, GA, USA, 7–10 June 2015.
51.
Dragičević T, Lu X, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM. DC Microgrids - Part II: A Review of Power Architectures, Applications, and Standardization Issues.  IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2016, 31, 3528–3549. [Google Scholar]
52.
Ashok Kumar A, Amutha Prabha N. A comprehensive review of DC microgrid in market segments and control technique.  Heliyon 2022, 8, e11694. [Google Scholar]
53.
Pires VF, Pires A, Cordeiro A. DC Microgrids: Benefits, Architectures, Perspectives and Challenges.  Energies 2023, 16, 1217. [Google Scholar]
54.
Kumar J, Agarwal A, Agarwal V. A review on overall control of DC microgrids.  J. Energy Storage 2019, 21, 113–138. [Google Scholar]
55.
Ding G, Gao F, Zhang S, Loh PC, Blaabjerg F. Control of hybrid AC/DC microgrid under islanding operational conditions.  J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy 2014, 2, 223–232. [Google Scholar]
56.
Jain D, Saxena D. Comprehensive review on control schemes and stability investigation of hybrid AC-DC microgrid.  Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2023, 218, 109182. [Google Scholar]
57.
Unamuno E, Barrena JA. Hybrid ac/dc microgrids - Part I: Review and classification of topologies.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 52, 1251–1259. [Google Scholar]
58.
Wang P, Goel L, Liu X, Choo FH. Harmonizing AC and DC: A Hybrid AC/DC future grid solution.  IEEE Power Energy Mag. 2013, 11, 76–83. [Google Scholar]
59.
Aybar-Mejía M, Villanueva J, Mariano-Hernández D, Santos F, Molina-García A. A review of low-voltage renewable microgrids: Generation forecasting and demand-side management strategies.  Electronics 2021, 10, 2093. [Google Scholar]
60.
Fregosi D, Ravula S, Brhlik D, Saussele J, Frank S, Bonnema E, et al. A comparative study of DC and AC microgrids in commercial buildings across different climates and operating profiles. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Atlanta, GA, USA, 7–10 June 2015.
61.
Manandhar U, Ukil A, Jonathan TKK. Efficiency comparison of DC and AC microgrid. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT ASIA), Bangkok, Thailand, 3–6 November 2015.
62.
Tan Y, Meegahapola L, Muttaqi KM. A review of technical challenges in planning and operation of remote area power supply systems.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 38, 876–889. [Google Scholar]
63.
Jiang Q, Xue M, Geng G. Energy management of microgrid in grid-connected and stand-alone modes.  IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2013, 28, 3380–3389. [Google Scholar]
64.
Micallef A, Apap M, Staines CS, Zapata JMG. Secondary control for reactive power sharing and voltage amplitude restoration in droop-controlled islanded microgrids. In Proceedings of the 2012 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Aalborg, Denmark, 25–28 June 2012.
65.
Marinescu C, Serban I. Robust frequency control for a wind/hydro autonomous microgrid. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Trondheim PowerTech, Trondheim, Norway, 19–23 June 2011.
66.
Pedrasa MA, Spooner T. A Survey of Techniques Used to Control Microgrid Generation and Storage during Island Operation. In Proceedings of the 16th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC2006), Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 10–13 December 2006.
67.
Kaushal J, Basak P. A Decision-Making Methodology to Assess Power Quality Monitoring Index of an AC Microgrid Using Fuzzy Inference Systems.  Electr. Power Compon. Syst. 2019, 47, 1349–1361. [Google Scholar]
68.
Falahi M, Butler-Purry KL, Ehsani M. Induction motor starting in islanded microgrids.  IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2013, 4, 1323–1331. [Google Scholar]
69.
Wu D, Wu H, Dongt H. Influence of induction motor starting on microgrid. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 7–10 October 2018.
70.
Choudhury S. A comprehensive review on issues, investigations, control and protection trends, technical challenges and future directions for Microgrid technology.  Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 2020, 30, e12446. [Google Scholar]
71.
Azeem O, Ali M, Abbas G, Uzair M, Qahmash A, Algarni A, et al. A comprehensive review on integration challenges, optimization techniques and control strategies of hybrid ac/dc microgrid.  Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 6242. [Google Scholar]
72.
Murakami T. Agent-based simulations of the influence of social policy and neighboring communication on the adoption of grid-connected photovoltaics.  Energy Convers. Manag. 2014, 80, 158–164. [Google Scholar]
73.
Kumar A, Singh AR, Deng Y, He X, Kumar P, Bansal RC. Integrated assessment of a sustainable microgrid for a remote village in hilly region.  Energy Convers. Manag. 2019, 180, 442–472. [Google Scholar]
74.
Kumar A, Singh AR, Deng Y, He X, Kumar P, Bansal RC. A Novel Methodological Framework for the Design of Sustainable Rural Microgrid for Developing Nations.  IEEE Access 2018, 6, 24925–24951. [Google Scholar]
75.
Singh R, Bansal RC, Singh AR, Naidoo R. Multi-Objective Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using Reformed Electric System Cascade Analysis for Islanding and Grid Connected Modes of Operation.  IEEE Access 2018, 6, 47332–47354. [Google Scholar]
76.
Gopakumar P, Reddy MJB, Mohanta DK. Letter to the editor: Stability concerns in smart grid with emerging renewable energy technologies.  Electr. Power Compon. Syst. 2014, 42, 418–425. [Google Scholar]
77.
Gaur P, Singh S. Investigations on Issues in Microgrids.  J. Clean Energy Technol. 2017, 5, 47–51. [Google Scholar]
78.
Rathor SK, Saxena D. Energy management system for smart grid: An overview and key issues.  Int. J. Energy Res. 2020, 44, 4067–4109. [Google Scholar]
79.
Panda S, Mohanty S, Rout PK, Sahu BK, Parida SM, Kotb H, et al. An Insight into the Integration of Distributed Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems with Smart Distribution Networks Using Demand-Side Management.  Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 8914. [Google Scholar]
80.
Rafique SF, Jianhua Z. Energy management system, generation, and demand predictors: A review.  IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2018, 12, 519–530. [Google Scholar]
81.
Xia Y, Peng Y, Yang P, Yu M, Wei W. Distributed Coordination Control for Multiple Bidirectional Power Converters in a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid.  IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2017, 32, 4949–4959. [Google Scholar]
82.
Yang P, Xia Y, Yu M, Wei W, Peng Y. A Decentralized Coordination Control Method for Parallel Bidirectional Power Converters in a Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid.  IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2018, 65, 6217–6228. [Google Scholar]
83.
Li YW, Vilathgamuwa DM, Loh PC. A grid-interfacing power quality compensator for three-phase three-wire micro-grid applications. In Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Aachen, Germany, 20–25 June 2004; pp. 2011–2017. 
84.
Vinayagam A, Swarna KSV, Khoo SY, Oo AT, Stojcevski A. PV Based Microgrid with Grid-Support Grid-Forming Inverter Control-(Simulation and Analysis).  Smart Grid Renew. Energy 2017, 8, 1–30. [Google Scholar]
85.
Muhammad T, Khan AU, Chughtai MT, Khan RA, Abid Y, Islam M, et al. An Adaptive Hybrid Control of Grid Tied Inverter for the Reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion and Improvement of Robustness against Grid Impedance Variation.  Energies 2022, 15, 4724. [Google Scholar]
86.
Anttila S, Döhler JS, Oliveira JG, Boström C. Grid Forming Inverters: A Review of the State of the Art of Key Elements for Microgrid Operation.  Energies 2022, 15, 5517. [Google Scholar]
87.
Farrokhabadi M, Claudio A, Simpson-Porco JW, Nasr E, Fan L, Mendoza-Araya PA. Microgrid Stability Definitions, Analysis, and Examples.  IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2020, 35, 13–29. [Google Scholar]
88.
Mirsaeidi S, Said DM, Mustafa MW, Habibuddin MH, Ghaffari K. Review and analysis of existing protection strategies for micro-grids.  J. Electr. Syst. 2014, 10, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
89.
Srivastava C, Tripathy M. DC microgrid protection issues and schemes: A critical review.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2021, 151, 111546. [Google Scholar]
90.
Alkahtani AA, Alfalahi STY, Athamneh AA, Al-Shetwi AQ, Mansor MB, Hannan MA, et al. Power Quality in Microgrids including Supraharmonics: Issues, Standards, and Mitigations.  IEEE Access 2020, 8, 127104–127122. [Google Scholar]
91.
Bayindir R, Hossain E, Kabalci E, Billah KMM. Investigation on north American microgrid facility. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 2015, 5, 558–574. [Google Scholar]
92.
Prabhakaran K, Chitra N, Kumar AS. Power quality enhancement in microgrid - A survey. In Proccedings of the 2013 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), Nagercoil, India, 20–21 March 2013; pp. 126–131.
93.
Pena R, Clare JC, Asher GM. Doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM converters and its application to variable speed wind-energy generation.  IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl. 1996, 143, 231–241. [Google Scholar]
94.
Jadidi S, Badihi H, Zhang Y. Passive fault-tolerant model predictive control of AC/DC PWM converter in a hybrid microgrid.  IFAC-PapersOnLine 2020, 53, 12097–12102. [Google Scholar]
95.
Kumar D, Chatterjee K. Design and analysis of artificial bee-colony-based MPPT algorithm for DFIG-based wind energy conversion systems. Int. J. Green Energy 2017, 14, 416–429. [Google Scholar]
96.
Raju AB, Femandes BG, Chatterjee K. Modeling and simulation of a grid-connected variable speed wind energy conversion system with low-cost power converters.  Renew. Energy Power Qual. J. 2003, 1, 97–102. [Google Scholar]
97.
Yoo CH, Chung IY, Lee HJ, Hong SS. Intelligent control of battery energy storage for multi-agent based microgrid energy management.  Energies 2013, 6, 4956–4979. [Google Scholar]
98.
Sachdev HS, Akella AK, Kumar N. Analysis and evaluation of small hydropower plants: A bibliographical survey.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 51, 1013–1022. [Google Scholar]
99.
Okot DK. Review of small hydropower technology.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 26, 515–520. [Google Scholar]
100.
Sami I, Ullah N, Muyeen SM, Techato K, Chowdhury S, Ro JS. Control Methods for Standalone and Grid Connected Micro-Hydro Power Plants with Synthetic Inertia Frequency Support: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 176313–176329. [Google Scholar]
101.
Chhipą AA, Chakrabarti P, Bolshev V, Chakrabarti T, Samarin G, Vasilyev AN, et al. Modeling and Control Strategy of Wind Energy Conversion System with Grid-Connected Doubly-Fed Induction Generator.  Energies 2022, 15, 6694. [Google Scholar]
102.
Parish O. Small hydro power: Technology and current status.  Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2002, 6, 537–556. [Google Scholar]
103.
Walczak N. Operational evaluation of a Small Hydropower Plant in the context of sustainable development.  Water 2018, 10, 1114. [Google Scholar]
104.
Gil-González W, Montoya OD, Garces A. Modeling and control of a small hydro-power plant for a DC microgrid.  Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2020, 180, 106104. [Google Scholar]
105.
Smieee MA, Garmat A, Popescu D, Zidi S, Mazouz L. Modeling and control of wind energy conversion system. In Proceedings of 2016 5th International Conference on Systems and Control (ICSC), Marrakesh, Morocco, 25–27 May 2016.
106.
Hu X, Wang T, Chen K, Ye P, Zhang L. Research on the control system for improving the grid-connected efficiency of small hydropower.  Energy Rep. 2023, 9, 772–783. [Google Scholar]
107.
Khan SU, Mehmood KK, Haider ZM, Bukhari SBA, Lee S-J, Rafique MK, et al. Energy management scheme for an EV smart charger V2G/G2V application with an EV power allocation technique and voltage regulation.  Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 648. [Google Scholar]
108.
Kisacikoglu MC, Ozpineci B, Tolbert LM. EV/PHEV bidirectional charger assessment for V2G reactive power operation.  IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2013, 28, 5717–5727. [Google Scholar]
109.
Chen SX, Gooi HB, Wang MQ. Sizing of energy storage for microgrids.  IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2012, 3, 142–151. [Google Scholar]
110.
Prabhakaran K, Srividhya R, Senthil Kumar R, Hemanth Kumar D, Mohan Raj D, Sham Prabu A. Energy Management System for Small-Scale Hybrid Wind Solar Battery-Based Microgrid. In EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing; Springer Nature: Berlin, Germany, 2022.
111.
Read WS. IEEE Standards.  IEEE Power Eng. Rev. 1995, 15, 6–7. [Google Scholar]
112.
Davison MJ, Summers TJ, Townsend CD. A review of the distributed generation landscape, key limitations of traditional microgrid concept & possible solution using an enhanced microgrid architecture. In Proceeding of the 2017 IEEE Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), Puerto Varas, Chile, 4–7 December 2017.
Creative Commons

© 2024 by the authors; licensee SCIEPublish, SCISCAN co. Ltd. This article is an open access article distributed under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).