Effects of Rural Roads on Agricultural Farmers and Related Transport Operators: Evidence from Kenya

ABSTRACT: Rural transport infrastructure is widely recognized as an enabler of agricultural productivity and inclusive economic growth. This paper assesses the effects of rural roads on agriculture and related transport operators in Kenya. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey design and collected primary data from 37 farmers and 40 transport operators active in rural areas. The sample size was more inclusive and representative of major farms and transport operators, and therefore provided sufficient information that led to the study’s conclusions. The sample was determined using standard sample-size procedures, including Cochran’s formula, finite population correction, and proportionate allocation across the participants strata. The findings indicate that rural road conditions, especially during rainy seasons, affect transport efficiency, market access, crop losses, input access, and farm-gate profitability. Earth and marram roads were the dominant access routes, while transport charges increased substantially during wet seasons. Poor roads increased costs and reduced the reliability of agricultural logistics, constrained transport operations, and exposed perishable commodities to delays and spoilage. Conversely, improved rural accessibility was associated with better market participation, increased farmer incomes, and improved capacity of transport operators to serve the value chains in agriculture. The study concludes that targeted investment in all-weather rural roads is essential for strengthening agriculture and rural transport performance in Kenya.