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Advances in Bidirectional Neural Interaction for Intelligent Upper-Limb Prostheses

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Advances in Bidirectional Neural Interaction for Intelligent Upper-Limb Prostheses

Yawen Hu † Lin Zeng † Ming Cheng Li Jiang *

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State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
*
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†
These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received: 08 June 2026 Revised: 14 July 2026 Accepted: 29 July 2026 Published: 10 August 2026

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© 2026 The authors. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Intell. Rehabil. Eng. 2026, 1(1), 10009; DOI: 10.70322/ire.2026.10009
ABSTRACT: Bidirectional neural interaction pathways play a critical role in determining the performance of intelligent upper-limb prostheses. Specifically, the nervous system should be able to control prosthetic movements according to the user’s intention, while the operating state of the prosthesis should be conveyed back to the user through sensory feedback interfaces, thereby establishing a bidirectional interface between the prosthesis and the human nervous system. This paper introduces the major approaches for neural motor control, including brain–computer interfaces and myoelectric interfaces, discusses stimulation modalities and sensory mapping strategies for sensory feedback, and analyzes future directions for bidirectional sensorimotor interfaces in upper-limb prostheses.
Keywords: Upper-limb prosthesis; Bidirectional neural interface; Neuromotor interface; Somatosensory feedback; Human-machine interaction
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