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Impact of a Government Ban on Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) Availability: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Suicidal Poisoning Cases in Bahawalpur, Pakistan (2016–2024)

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Impact of a Government Ban on Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) Availability: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Suicidal Poisoning Cases in Bahawalpur, Pakistan (2016–2024)

Amna Arooj 1,* Hifz Ur Rehman 2 Mudassir Daud 3 Samiaan Qurban Khan 4 Ghulam Abbas Haral 5 Hafiz Muhammad Abbas Malik 6,* Khalid Sajjad Feras 7 Muhammad Qasim Adnan 8

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1
Department of Biosciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan, Multan 6000, Pakistan
2
Center of Applied Molecular Biology, University of Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
3
Department of Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
4
Department of Forensic Science, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
5
HoD-CSU National Forensics Agency Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
6
Department of Phamaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
7
Trace Chemistry Department, College of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh 14812, Saudi Arabia
8
Department of Forensic Science (IBBT), UVAS, Lahour 53700, Pakistan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 14 February 2026 Revised: 05 March 2026 Accepted: 24 April 2026 Published: 12 May 2026

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© 2026 The authors. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Perspect. Legal Forensic Sci. 2026, 3(1), 10004; DOI: 10.70322/plfs.2026.10004
ABSTRACT: Paraphenylenediamine (PPD), locally known as “Kala Pathar”, has historically been a major agent of suicidal self poisoning in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. In response to escalating morbidity and mortality, the Government of Punjab implemented a policy prohibiting the commercial scale distribution of raw PPD at the end of 2017. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the impact of this policy on the incidence of PPD-related suicidal poisoning in Bahawalpur using an interrupted time series design. A quasi-experimental, retrospective interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was conducted using hospital records from the emergency department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, from January 2016 to March 2024. Annual counts of confirmed PPD poisoning cases were analyzed. The intervention point was defined as January 2018. Segmented regression analysis was performed to estimate changes in both the level and the trend following policy implementation. A total of 4455 PPD poisoning cases were recorded during the study period. Prior to the intervention, cases increased from 832 in 2016 to a peak of 1243 in 2017. Following the prohibition, cases declined sharply to 407 in 2019 and further to 155 in 2023. Segmented regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant immediate reduction in case level after the intervention (β2 < 0, p < 0.05), along with a significant negative change in post intervention trend (β3 < 0, p < 0.05), indicating a sustained decline in PPD poisoning incidence. The majority of cases occurred among males (72%) and individuals aged 21–40 years (48%). The prohibition of commercial scale PPD distribution was associated with a significant and sustained reduction in PPD-related suicidal poisoning in Bahawalpur. These findings support targeted means restriction policies as an effective suicide prevention strategy in resource limited settings.
Keywords: Paraphenylenediamine; Suicide; Interrupted time series; Means restriction; Poisoning; Public health policy; Pakistan
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